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An in-depth looks at how transcription works. Initiation (promoters), elongation, and termination.

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Learn how DNA is transcribed into RNA and how RNA processing adds complexity to gene expression. Khan Academy offers free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

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Transcription factors (article) | Khan Academy
General and specific transcription factors. Transcription initiation complex & looping. Combinatorial regulation.

Regulation of transcription - Khan Academy
Gene regulation controls cell functions by determining which genes are transcribed. This process involves transcription factors, activators, enhancers, repressors, and silencers. Prokaryotes rely on gene regulation for environmental adaptation, while eukaryotes have more complex interactions and a nuclear envelope for added control.

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Molecular mechanism of DNA replication - Khan Academy
Some other proteins and enzymes, in addition the main ones above, are needed to keep DNA replication running smoothly. One is a protein called the sliding clamp, which holds DNA polymerase III molecules in place as they synthesize DNA.The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein and keeps the DNA polymerase of the lagging strand from floating off when it re-starts at a new Okazaki fragment 4 ‍ .

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DNA serves as the molecular basis of heredity through replication, expression, and translation processes. Replication creates identical DNA strands, while transcription converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation then decodes mRNA into amino acids, forming proteins essential for life functions.

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